tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69753548261318082352024-03-14T06:48:41.437+07:00D'vRitTaLuciouS. . . . .what the heart said,, that's the best for your life. . . . .--vRitTaLucious--http://www.blogger.com/profile/13326065592364382611noreply@blogger.comBlogger16125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6975354826131808235.post-27286810271467614342010-03-28T06:39:00.002+07:002010-03-28T06:50:15.638+07:00LIMBAH INDUSTRI ORGANIK PADA TANAH<span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;" >Pendahuluan
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{mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Indonesia merupakan negara yang kaya akan bahan alam. Tanahnya sangat subur dan memberikan banyak manfaat bagi masyarakat. Sayangnya, saat ini tanah yang merupakan sumber daya alam mulai tercemar akibat perkembangan industry yang semakin banyak. Setiap industry pastinya menghasilkan sisa proses pemproduksian. Sisa tersebut biasanya disebut dengan limbah industry. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: 14.7pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Bila ditinjau secara kimiawi, limbah ini terdiri dari bahan kimia Senyawa organik dan Senyawa anorganik. Dengan konsentrasi dan kuantitas tertentu, kehadiran limbah dapat berdampak negatif terhadap lingkungan terutama bagi kesehatan manusia sehingga perlu dilakukan penanganan terhadap limbah. Tingkat bahaya keracunan yang ditimbulkan oleh limbah tergantung pada jenis dan karakteristik limbah.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: 14.7pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Limbah industry tersebut juga dapat memberikan dampak terhadap tanah. Biasanya, penangangan terhadap limbah industry kurang sempurna sehingga berdampak negative terhadap tanah. Pada makalah ini akan dibahas tentang limbah industry organic dengan beberapa informasi mengenai jejak, tabiat, dampak, cara pencegahan, dan cara penanggulangannya pada tanah.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: 14.7pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;">
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class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: 14.7pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Limbah</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" > adalah buangan yang dihasilkan dari suatu proses produksi baik industri maupun domestik (rumah tangga). Dimana masyarakat bermukim, disanalah berbagai jenis limbah akan dihasilkan. Ada sampah, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbah_hitam" title="Limbah hitam"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >air kakus</span></a><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" > (<i>black water</i>), dan juga tedapat air buangan dari berbagai aktivitas domestik lainnya (<i>grey water</i>). <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: 14.7pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Dari pengertian tersebut, limbah industry merupakan sisa dari suati proses industry yang dihasilkan pada wilayah industri. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Berdasarkan karakteristiknya limbah industri dapat dibagi menjadi empat bagian</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" lang="IN">, yakni:</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" ><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-indent: -21.25pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" ><span style="">1.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limbah_cair&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Limbah cair (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:12;" >Limbah cair</span></a><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" > biasanya dikenal sebagai entitas pencemar air. Komponen </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencemaran_air" title="Pencemaran air"><span style="line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:12;" >pencemaran air</span></a><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" > pada umumnya terdiri dari bahan buangan padat, bahan buangan organik, dan bahan buangan anorganik.<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -0.55pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" ><span style="">2.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampah" title="Sampah"><span style="line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:12;" >Limbah padat</span></a><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" ><o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -0.55pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" ><span style="">3.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limbah_gas_dan_partikel&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Limbah gas dan partikel (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:12;" >Limbah gas dan partikel</span></a><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" ><o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -0.55pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" ><span style="">4.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbah_B3" title="Limbah B3"><span style="line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:12;" >Limbah B3</span></a><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" > (Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun). <o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-indent: 21.8pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Limbah organik berasal dari beberapa sumber yaitu antara lain dari dapur atau rumah tangga, pasar, rumah atau sakit, perumahan, pertokoan <span style=""> </span>atau <span style=""> </span>perkantoran, hotel <span style=""> </span>atau <span style=""> </span>restoran, pertanian, peternakan <span style=""> </span>atau <span style=""> </span>rumah potong, pengolahan hasil pertanian <span style=""> </span>atau <span style=""> </span>peternakan dan sampah kota. Dari pengertian tersebut, limbah industry organic merupakan limbah hasil industry yang memiliki sifat kimia organic yaitu dapat teruarai secara alami di lingkungan. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" lang="IN">Senyawa kimia organik yang termasuk limbah industri organik antara lain </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhipAQH3PUKn2mrq1YwDXWgIbmEC0A" title="Benzena"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >benzena,</span></a><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" > </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthalene&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjnLrz0pRqvqjL6SPMDWhd8kbi1yA" title="Naftalena"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >naftalena,</span></a><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" > </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracene&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhKi7io002QPSKXh3tE0IRnfMRrNA" title="Anthracene"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >anthracene,</span></a><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" > sianida, amonia, </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhj0SJv99c13OAPEKsJoD8Ic3gaVZw" title="Fenol"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >fenol,</span></a><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" > </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cresol&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjW262HLqKbrdR5jdBRUgNDw8DO8g" title="Kresol"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >cresols</span></a><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" > bersama-sama dengan berbagai senyawa organik yang lebih kompleks yang dikenal secara kolektif sebagai </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgzrANOtkOVGmSmG4PS2c1PaihH6Q" title="Polycyclic aromatik hidrokarbon"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon</span></i></a><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" > (PAH).</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" ><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-indent: 21.8pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Limbah industry tersebut biasanya dibuang pada sungai dan hanya sedikit yang ditemukan pada tanah. Untuk tanah, peredaran limbah tersebut dimulai pada proses pembunagan limbah. Limbah tersebut biasanya dibuang begitu saja pada area tanah tanpa proses penanganan lebih lanjut.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-indent: 21.8pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Pembuangan tersebut menghasilkan pengaruh terhadap lingkungan. Hal itu dikarenakan adanya sifat fisik dan kimia pada limbah industry organic yang dapat bereaksi terhadap tanah. Suatu limbah industry organic dikatakan berbahaya jika </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >mengandung bahan berbahaya dan atau </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beracun&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Beracun (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:12;" >beracun</span></a><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" > yang karena sifat, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konsentrasi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Konsentrasi (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:12;" >konsentrasinya</span></a><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >, dan jumlahnya secara langsung maupun tidak langsung dapat </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mencemarkan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Mencemarkan (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:12;" >mencemarkan</span></a><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >, merusak, dan dapat membahayakan lingkungan hidup, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesehatan" title="Kesehatan"><span style="line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:12;" >kesehatan</span></a><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >, kelangsungan hidup </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia"><span style="line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:12;" >manusia</span></a><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" > serta makhluk hidup lainnya. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Di antara berbagai jenis limbah ini ada yang bersifat beracun atau berbahaya dan dikenal sebagai limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun (Limbah B3). <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-indent: 21.8pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Suatu limbah digolongkan sebagai limbah B3 bila mengandung bahan berbahaya atau beracun yang sifat dan konsentrasinya, baik langsung maupun tidak langsung, dapat merusak atau mencemarkan lingkungan hidup atau membahayakan kesehatan manusia.Yang termasuk limbah B3 antara lain adalah bahan baku yang berbahaya dan beracun yang tidak digunakan lagi karena rusak, sisa kemasan, tumpahan, sisa proses, dan oli bekas kapal yang memerlukan penanganan dan pengolahan khusus. Bahan-bahan ini termasuk limbah B3 bila memiliki salah satu atau lebih karakteristik berikut: mudah meledak, mudah terbakar, bersifat reaktif, beracun, menyebabkan infeksi, bersifat korosif, dan lain-lain, yang bila diuji dengan toksikologi dapat diketahui termasuk limbah B3.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-indent: 21.8pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;">
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Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-indent: 21.25pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Pada dasarnya, pencemaran tanah adalah keadaan di mana bahan kimia buatan manusia masuk dan merubah lingkungan tanah alami. Pencemaran ini biasanya terjadi karena kebocoran limbah cair atau bahan kimia industri atau fasilitas komersial, penggunaan pestisida, masuknya air permukaan tanah tercemar ke dalam lapisan sub-permukaan, kecelakaan kendaraan pengangkut minyak, zat kimia, atau limbah, air limbah dari tempat penimbunan sampah, serta limbah industri yang langsung dibuang ke tanah secara tidak memenuhi syarat (<i style="">illegal dumping). </i>Untuk pencemaran akibat limbah industry organic tentunya buangan berasal dari kawasan industry yang dibuang di area tanah tanpa pengangan lebih lanjut. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-indent: 21.25pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Ketika suatu zat berbahaya atau beracun telah mencemari permukaan tanah, maka zat tersebut dapat menguap, tersapu air hujan dan atau masuk ke dalam tanah. Pencemaran yang masuk ke dalam tanah kemudian terendap sebagai zat kimia beracun di tanah. Zat beracun di tanah tersebut dapat berdampak langsung kepada manusia ketika bersentuhan atau dapat mencemari air tanah dan udara di atasnya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>Pencemaran tersebut memiliki dampak terhadap beberapa sector, misalnya :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >a. Pada kesehatan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-indent: 21.25pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Dampak pencemaran tanah akibat limbah industry organic terhadap kesehatan tergantung pada tipe polutan, jalur masuk ke dalam tubuh, dan kerentanan populasi yang terkena. Paparan kronis (terus-menerus) terhadap benzena pada konsentrasi tertentu dapat meningkatkan kemungkinan terkena <span class="ilad">leukemia</span>. Organofosfat dan karmabat dapat menyebabkan gangguan pada saraf otot. Terdapat beberapa macam dampak kesehatan yang tampak seperti sakit kepala, pusing, letih, iritasi mata dan ruam kulit untuk paparan bahan kimia yang disebut di atas. Dampak tersebut juga berlaku untuk limbah industry organic lain seperti naftalena, anthracene, sianida, amonia, fenol, cresols. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-indent: -14.2pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >b.<span style=""> </span>Pada Ekosistem<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-indent: 21.25pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Pencemaran tanah akibat limbah industry organic seperti benzena, naftalena, anthracene, sianida, amonia, fenol, cresols juga dapat memberikan dampak terhadap ekosistem. Perubahan kimiawi tanah yang radikal dapat timbul dari adanya bahan kimia beracun atau berbahaya bahkan pada dosis yang rendah sekalipun. Perubahan ini dapat menyebabkan perubahan metabolisme dari mikroorganisme endemik dan antropoda yang hidup di lingkungan tanah tersebut. Akibatnya bahkan dapat memusnahkan beberapa spesies primer dari rantai makanan, yang dapat memberi akibat yang besar terhadap predator atau tingkatan lain dari rantai makanan tersebut. Bahkan jika efek kimia pada bentuk kehidupan terbawah tersebut rendah, bagian bawah piramida makanan dapat menelan bahan kimia asing yang lama-kelamaan akan terkonsentrasi pada makhluk-makhluk penghuni piramida atas. Banyak dari efek-efek ini terlihat pada saat ini, seperti konsentrasi DDT pada burung menyebabkan rapuhnya cangkang telur, meningkatnya tingkat Kematian anakan dan kemungkinan hilangnya spesies tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-indent: 21.25pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Dampak pada pertanian terutama perubahan metabolisme tanaman yang pada akhirnya dapat menyebabkan penurunan hasil pertanian. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan dampak lanjutan pada konservasi tanaman di mana tanaman tidak mampu menahan lapisantanah dari erosi. Beberapa bahan pencemar ini memiliki waktu paruh yang panjang dan pada kasus lain bahan-bahan kimia derivatif akan terbentuk dari bahan pencemar tanah utama. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <span style="font-size:130%;">
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mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Berdasarkan pembahasan tersebut di atas telah tampak jejak, tabiat, serta dampak dari limbah industry organic. Dari ketiga faktor tersebut dapat diaplikasikan dengan ilmu kimia lingkungan yang menghasilkan baku mutu terhadap tanah. Baku mutu digunakan untuk membatasi jumlah penambahan bahan tercemar yang diperbolehkan dibuang ke lingkungan. Dengan begitu, suatu tanah dikatakan tercemar oleh limbah industry organic bila jumlah limbah organic tersebut menyalahi baku mutu terhadap pengolahan tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: 14.7pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Pada saat ini pemerintah belum memiliki standar atau baku mutu untuk <span style="">pengelolaan tanah terkontaminasi limbah B3</span> dari kegiatan lainnya. Baku mutu pengelolaan limbah B3 yang sudah ada saat ini adalah Baku mutu total kadar maximum limbah B3 dan <i>Toxicity Charateristic Leaching Procedure</i> (TCLP) yang ada di Kepdal No. 04 atau 09 atau 1995 tentang tatacara persyaratan penimbunan hasil pegolahan, persyaratan lokasi bekas pengolahan dan lokasi bekas penimbunan limbah bahan berbahaya dan beracun <span style="">tidak dapat secara otomatis atau langsung</span> dijadikan acuan sebagai pengganti baku mutu untuk tanah terkontaminasi limbah B3. Baku mutu Total Kadar Maximum Limbah B3 dan TCLP yang ada dalam Keputusan Kepala Badan Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan No 04 <span style=""> </span>atau 09 atau 1995 ini tidak bisa mewakili nilai bebas terkontamisi limbah B3. Total kadar maximum limbah B3 adalah baku mutu untuk menentukan apakah suatu limbah B3 termasuk kategori <i>landfill</i> kelas I, II,atau III, sedangkan Uji TCLP adalah uji untuk mengukur kadar atau konsentrasi parameter dalam lindi dari limbah B3 dan menunjukkan angka layak tidaknya limbah untuk dilandfil. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" ><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: 14.7pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Dalam penanganan lahan terkontaminasi limbah B3 dari industri, baku mutu dalam Kepdal No. 04 atau 09 atau 1995 ini hanya digunakan untuk menangani kasus kasus tertentu seperti pengangkatan (clean up) bunker limbah B3 dari bekas painting <i>sludge</i> dari kegiatan industri otomotif. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: 14.7pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Selain baku mutu, juga terdapat <span style="">titik <i>reference </i><span style="">yang merupakan </span></span> metode berdasar titik reference ini biasanya digunakan apabila belum memiliki standar atau Baku Mutu lahan terkontaminasi. Metoda pengambilan titik <i>reference</i> ini sangat sederhana yaitu membandingkan tanah sekitar yang belum tercemar untuk dijadikan acuan akhir (<i>reference</i>) penanganan lahan terkontaminasi. Kriteria unsur yang perlu dianalisa dari titik reference ini disesuaikan dengan kemungkinan jenis unsur atau senyawa kontaminan utamanya. Hasil pengukuran karakteristik tanah yang dijadikan sebagai <i>reference</i> (acuan) atau pembanding dalam penanganan lahan terkontaminasi dapat menunjukan karaktristik tanah yang cukup bervariasi antara satu daerah dengan daerah lainnya. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: 14.7pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Selain baku mutu dan titik <i style="">reference</i>, ada studi <i>Risk Base Screening Level</i> (RBSL) yang digunakan bila </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >acuan yang ada seperti baku mutu ataupun titik reference tidak bisa dicapai sehingga dalam penanganan lahannya disepakati untuk mengacu kepada standar lain yang ada dinegara lain yang paling mendekati kondisi lokasi terjadinya lahan terkontaminasi. Studi RBSL yang di adopsi dan sudah dipakai KLH adalah studi RBSL yang dikeluarkan oleh USEPA Region IX.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: 14.7pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;">
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67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;} @list l0:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:71.45pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:Symbol;} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-indent: 21.25pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Dengan konsentrasi dan kuantitas tertentu, kehadiran limbah dapat berdampak negatif terhadap lingkungan terutama bagi kesehatan manusia, sehingga perlu dilakukan penanganan terhadap limbah. Tingkat bahaya keracunan yang ditimbulkan oleh limbah tergantung pada jenis dan karakteristik limbah. Ada beberapa langkah penangan untuk mengurangi dampak yang ditimbulkan oleh pencemaran tanah akibat limbah industry organic, diantaranya:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" ><span style="">·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Remidiasi<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Remediasi adalah kegiatan untuk membersihkan permukaan tanah yang tercemar. Ada dua jenis remediasi tanah yaitu, <i style="">in-</i>situ atau<i style=""> on-site</i> dan <i style="">ex-situ</i> atau <i style="">off-site</i>. Pembersihan <i style="">on-site</i> adalah pembersihan di lokasi. Pembersihan ini lebih murah dan lebih mudah, terdiridari pembersihan<i style="">, venting (injeksi)</i>, dan <i style="">bioremediasi</i>.
<br />Pembersihan <i style="">off-site</i> meliputi penggalian tanah yang tercemar akibat benzena, naftalena, anthracene, sianida, amonia, fenol, cresols, dan lain-lain kemudian dibawa ke daerah yang aman. Setelah itu di daerah aman, tanah tersebut dibersihkan dari zat pencemar . Caranya yaitu, tanah tersebut disimpan di bak atau tanki yang kedap, kemudian zat pembersih dipompakan ke bak atau tangki tersebut. Selanjutnya zat pencemar dipompakan keluar dari bak yang kemudian diolah dengan instalasi pengolah air limbah. Pembersihan <i style="">off-site</i> ini jauh lebih mahal dan rumit.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-indent: -14.15pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" ><span style="">·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Insenerasi (Pembakaran)<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Pada saat ini, pengolahan limbah organik dilakukan secara insenerasi (pembakaran). Pembakaran limbah organik menggunakan insenerator menimbulkan masalah emisi gas beracun walaupun insenerator telah dilengkapi dengan sistem penanganan gas buang (<i style="">Off Gas Treatment System).</i></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>Untuk mengatasi adanya bahan beracun dalam gas buangan, telah<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >dikembangkan pengolahan limbah organik secara elektrokimia di Inggris,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Amerika, Korea, dan negara-negara maju yang lain. Pengolahan limbah organic secara elektrokimia mempunyai beberapa keuntungan dari segi keselamatan dibandingkan dengan menggunakan insenerator, karena operasi (proses) pada suhu rendah, tidak ada gas buangan yang beracun, dan tidak menimbulkan limbah sekunder[2]. Kekurangan proses ini adalah kapasitasnya terbatas yaitu, kapasitas maksimum 75 liter atau hari.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-indent: -14.15pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" ><span style="">·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Adsorbsi dengan Karbon Aktif<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-indent: 42.55pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Karbon aktif merupakan bahan adsorpsi dengan permukaan lapisan yang luas dengan bentuk butiran (granular) atau serbuk (powder). Bahan dasar utama yang digunakan sebagai karbon aktif adalah material organic dengan kandungan karbon yang tinggi. Telah banyak penelitian penelitian mengenai bahan karbon aktif dengan bahan murah dan tersedia banyak seperti tempurung kelapa, tempurung kemiri dan serat kayu. Karbon aktif biasa digunakan sebagai adsorben karena kemampuan adsorpsinya yakni menyisihkan substansi dari air. Sebuah proses penyisihan partikel yang terikat pada permukaan adsorben mengunakan gaya tarik kimia maupun fisika.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Untuk limbah industry organic, interaksi suatu senyawa organik dan permukaan adsorben dapat terjadi melauli tarikan elektrostatik atau pembentukan ikatan kimia yang spesifik misalnya ikatan kovalen. Sifat-sifat molekul organik seperti struktur, gugus fungsional dan sifat hidrofobik berpengaruh pada sifat-sifat adsorpsi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> --vRitTaLucious--http://www.blogger.com/profile/13326065592364382611noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6975354826131808235.post-19503528480436324952010-03-28T06:04:00.005+07:002010-03-28T06:19:23.835+07:00GAS CO<span style="font-family: times new roman; font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Pendahuluan</span><span style="font-family: times new roman;font-size:100%;" >
<br /></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" lang="IN">Pencemaran udara adalah suatu kondisi di mana kualitas udara menjadi rusak dan terkontaminasi oleh zat-zat, baik yang tidak berbahaya maupun yang membahayakan kesehatan tubuh manusia. Pencemaran udara biasanya terjadi di kota-kota besar dan juga daerah padat industri yang menghasilkan gas-gas yang mengandung zat di atas batas kewajaran. Pada umumnya </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" lang="IN"><a href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/materi_kimia/kimia-lingkungan/pencemaran_lingkungan/bahan-pencemar/" title="bahan pencemar"><span style="line-height: 150%;">bahan pencemar</span></a></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" lang="IN"> udara adalah berupa gas-gas beracun (hampir 90 %) dan partikel-partikel zat padat. Gas-gas beracun ini berasal dari pembakaran bahan bakar kendaraan, dari industri dan dari rumah tangga. Selain gas-gas beracun di atas, pembakaran bahan bakar kendaraan juga menghasilkan partikel-partikel karbon dan timah hitam yang berterbangan mencemari udara.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" lang="IN"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" lang="IN">Sumber pencemaran udara dapat berasal dari berbagai kegiatan antara lain industri, transportasi, perkantoran, dan perumahan</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" lang="IN">. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" lang="IN">Sumber pencemaran udara juga dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai kegiatan alam, seperti kebakaran hutan, gunung meletus, gas alam beracun, dll.
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">
<br /></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" lang="IN">Dampak dari pencemaran udara tersebut adalah menyebabkan penurunan kualitas udara, yang berdampak negatif terhadap kesehatan manusia. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" lang="IN">Semakin banyak kendaraan bermotor dan alat-alat industri yang mengeluarkan gas yang mencemarkan lingkungan akan semakin parah pula pencemaran udara yang terjadi. Salah satu bahan pencemar udara yang sangat membahayakan makhluk hidup <span style=""> </span>adalah gas karbon monoksida.
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">
<br /></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" lang="IN">Gas Karbon monoksida adalah sejenis gas yang tidak berwarna, tidak berbau, tidak berasa dan tidak mudah larut dalam air, beracun dan berbahaya.<span style=""> </span>Zat gas CO ini akan mengganggu pengikatan oksigen pada darah karena CO lebih mudah terikat oleh darah dibandingkan dengan oksigen dan gas-gas lainnya. Pada kasus darah yang tercemar karbon monoksida dalam kadar 70% hingga 80% dapat menyebabkan kematian pada orang.
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">
<br /></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" lang="IN">Untuk dapat menanggulangi terjadinya pencemaran udara dapat dilakukan beberapa usaha antara lain: mengganti bahan bakar kendaraan bermotor dengan bahan bakar yang tidak menghasilkan gas karbon monoksida dan diusahakan pula agar pembakaran yang terjadi berlangsung secara sempurna, selain itu pengolahan/daur ulang atau penyaringan limbah asap industri, penghijauan untuk melangsungkan proses fotosintesis (taman bertindak sebagai paru-paru kota), dan tidak melakukan pembakaran hutan secara sembarangan, serta melakukan reboisasi/penanaman kembali pohonpohon pengganti yang penting adalah untuk membuka lahan tidak dilakukan pembakaran hutan, melainkan dengan cara mekanik</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" >.</span></p><span style="font-family: times new roman;font-size:100%;" >
<br /></span><span style="font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;" >Gas Karbon Monoksida (CO)
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mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" lang="IN">Karbon dan Oksigen dapat bergabung membentuk sen</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" >y</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" lang="IN">awa karbon monoksida (CO) sebagai hasil pembakaran yang tidak sempurna dan karbon dioksida (CO2) sebagai hasil pembakaran sempurna. Karbon monoksida </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" >(CO) </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" lang="IN">merupakan senyawa yang tidak berbau, tidak berasa dan pada suhu udara normal berbentuk gas yang tidak berwarna, </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" lang="IN">dan dapat berbentuk cairan pada suhu dibawah -129<sup>O</sup>C.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" lang="IN"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" lang="IN">berat jenis sedikit lebih ringan dari udara (menguap secara perlahan ke udara), CO tidak stabil dan membentuk CO<sub>2</sub> untuk mencapai kestabilan phasa gasnya.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" lang="IN"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" lang="IN">Konsentrasi gas CO sampai dengan 100 ppm masih dianggap aman kalau waktu kontak hanya sebentar. Gas CO sebanyak 30 ppm apabila dihisap manusia selama 8 jam akan menimbulkan rasa pusing dan mual.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" lang="IN"> Senyawa CO mempunyai potensi bersifat racun yang berbahaya karena mampu membentuk ikatan yang kuat dengan pigmen darah yaitu haemoglobin.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">
<br /></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>Karbon monoksida di lingkungan dapat terbentuk secara alamiah, tetapi sumber utamanya adalah dari kegiatan manusia. Karbon monoksida yang berasal dari alam termasuk dari lautan, oksidasi metal di atmosfir, pegunungan, kebakaran hutan dan badai listrik alam. Sumber CO buatan antara lain kendaraan bermotor, terutama yang menggunakan bahan bakar bensin. Berdasarkan estimasi,</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" > j</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" lang="IN">umlah CO dari sumber buatan diperkirakan mendekati 60 juta Ton per tahun. Separuh dari jumlah ini berasal dari kendaraan bermotor yang menggunakan bakan bakar bensin dan sepertiganya berasal dari sumber tidak bergerak seperti pembakaran batubara dan minyak dari industri dan pembakaran sampah domestik.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">
<br /></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" lang="IN"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" lang="IN">Karbon monoksida</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" >,</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" lang="IN"> CO, dihasilkan dari pembakaran yang tidak sempurna dari bahan bakar yang mengandung karbon dan oleh pembakaran pada tekanan dan suhu tinggi yang terjadi pada mesin. Karbon monoksida dapat juga dihasilkan dari reaksi oksidasi gas metana oleh radikal hidroksi dan dari perombakan/pembusukan tanaman meskipun tidak sebensar yang dihasilkan oleh bensin. Pada jam-jam sibuk di daerah perkotaan konsentrasi gas CO bisa mencapai 50 -100 ppm. Tingkat kandungan CO di atmosfir berkorelasi positip dengan padatnya lalu lintas, tetapi korelasi negatif dengan kecepatan angin.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" lang="IN"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" lang="IN">Keberadaan atau umur gas CO di atmosfir tidak lama hanya kira-kira 4 bulan. Hal ini terjadi karena karbon monoksida di atmosfir dihilangkan melalui reaksi dengan radikal hidroksil, HO<sup>*</sup>.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <span style="font-family: times new roman;font-size:100%;" >
<br /></span><span style="font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Bahaya Gas CO</span>
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Karakteristik biologic yang paling penting dari CO adalah kemampuannya untuk berikatan dengan haemoglobin, pigmen sel darah merah yang mengangkut oksigen ke seluruh tubuh. Sifat ini akan menghasilkan pembentukan karboksihaemoglobin (HbCO) yang 200 kali lebih stabil dibandingkan Oksihaemoglobin (HbO2). Penguraian HbCO yang relative lambat menyebabkan terhambatnya kerja molekul sel pigmen tersebut dalam fungsinya membawa oksigen ke seluruh tubuh. Kondisi seperti ini bisa berakibat serius hingga fatal, karena dapat menyebabkan keracunan.
<br /></span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">
<br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/tabel_periodik/karbon/" title="Karbon"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Karbon</span></a> monoksida (CO) apabila terhisap ke dalam paru-paru akan ikut peredaran darah dan akan menghalangi masuknya <a href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/tabel_periodik/oksigen/" title="oksigen"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">oksigen</span></a> yang akan dibutuhkan oleh tubuh. Hal ini dapat terjadi karena gas CO bersifat racun metabolisme, ikut bereaksi secara metabolisme dengan darah. Seperti halnya oksigen, gas CO bereaksi dengan darah (hemoglobin) :</span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:100%;">
<br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:100%;">Hemoglobin + O<sub>2</sub> –> O<sub>2</sub>Hb (oksihemoglobin)</span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:100%;">Hemoglobin + CO –> COHb (karboksihemoglobin)</span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:100%;">
<br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.75pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:100%;">Konsentrasi gas CO sampai dengan 100 ppm masih dianggap aman kalau waktu kontak hanya sebentar. Gas CO sebanyak 30 ppm apabila dihisap manusia selama 8 jam akan menimbulkan rasa pusing dan mual. Pengaruh karbon monoksida (CO) terhadap tubuh manusia ternyata tidak sama dengan manusia yang satu dengan yang lainnya.</span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.75pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">
<br /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.75pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Kadar CO yang tinggi dapat menyebabkan perubahan tekanan darah, meningkatkan denyut jantung, ritme jantung menjadi abnormal, gagal jantung dan kerusakan pembuluh darah perifal. Dampak keracunan gas CO sangat berbahaya bagi orang yang telah menderita gangguan pada otot jantung atau sirkulasi darah peripheral yang parah.</span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.75pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">
<br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.75pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:100%;">Manusia dengan aktifitas yang tinggi disekitar lalu lintas kendaraan yang padat merupakan kelompok yang paling beresiko mengalami gangguan kesehatan akibat gas CO. Mereka ini antara lain Polisi lalulintas yang dinas dijalan, menertibkan dan menagtur agar lalulintas kendaraan lancar, petugas retribusi Tol,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:100%;">tukang parkir.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:100%;">Sedangkan yang beresiko dari hasil sampingan kegiatan manusia antara lain para pekerja bengkel</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:100%;">kendaraan</span><span style="font-size:100%;">, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:100%;">industri logam, industri kimia dan industri bahan bakar.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:100%;">Dampak gangguan kesehatan terhadap manusia tergantung ketahanan fisik manusia, namun yang paling sering adalah memperparah penderita gangguan jantung dan paru-paru, kelahiran premature dan berat badan bayi dibawah normal bahkan<span style=""> </span>kematian akibat keracunan gas CO bisa terjadi.</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <span style="font-family: times new roman; font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >
<br /></span><span style="font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Parameter Gas CO</span>
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{mso-style-type:export-only; margin-bottom:10.0pt; line-height:115%;} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} /* List Definitions */ @list l0 {mso-list-id:2041735149; mso-list-template-ids:1957695278;} @list l0:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:; mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-ansi-language:IN;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""> </span>Secara umum parameter yang digunakan untuk mendeteksi pencemaran udara adalah dengan mengetahui atau meneliti suatu daerah tersebut mengalami pencemaran udara atau tidak. Parameter yang biasa digunakan adalah dengan mendeteksi adanya gas-gas beracun dan kandungan logam kimia dalam udara, misalnya timbale (Pb), karbonmonoksida (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dan ozon.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">
<br /></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:100%;">Dengan menggunakan parameter konsentrasi zat pencemar dan waktu lamanya kontak antara bahan pencemar atau polutan dengan lingkungan (udara), WHO</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;">menetapkan empat tingkatan pencemaran sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul style="margin-top: 0cm; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" >Pencemaran tingkat pertama; yaitu pencemaran yang tidak menimbulkan kerugian bagi manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" >Pencemaran tingkat kedua; yaitu pencemaran yang mulai menimbulkan kerugian bagi manusia seperti terjadinya iritasi pada indra kita.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" >Pencemaran tingkat ketiga; yaitu pencemaran yang sudah dapat bereaksi pada faal tubuh dan menyebabkan terjadinya penyakit yang kronis.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" >Pencemaran tingkat keempat; yaitu pencemaran yang telah menimbulkan sakit akut dan kematian bagi manusia maupun hewan dan tumbuh-tumbuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul> <span style="font-family: times new roman;font-size:100%;" >
<br /></span><span style="font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;" >
<br />Cara menanggulangi Gas CO
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.75pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:100%;">encemaran udara dapat memberikan dampak negatif bagi makhluk hidup, manusia, hewan dan tumbuh-tumbuhan. Kebakaran hutan dan gunung api yang meletus menyebabkan banyak hewan yang kehilangan tempat berlindung, banyak hewan dan tumbuhan mati bahkan punah. Gas-gas oksida <a href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/tabel_periodik/belerang/" title="belerang"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">belerang</span></a> (SO2 dan SO3) bereaksi dengan uap air, dan air hujan dapat menyebabkan terjadinya hujan asam yang dapat merusak gedung-gedung, jembatan, patung-patung sehingga mengakibatkan tumbuhan mati atau tidak bisa tumbuh. Gas karbon monoksida bila terhisap masuk ke dalam paru-paru bereaksi dengan haemoglobin menyebabkan terjadinya keracunan darah dan masih banyak lagi dampak negatif yang disebabkan oleh pencemaran udara.Asap tebal dari hasil kebakaran hutan ini sangat merugikan, baik dalam segi ekonomi, transportasi (udara, darat dan laut) dan kesehatan. Akibat asap tebal tersebut menyebabkan terhentinya alat-alat transportasi karena dikhawatirkan akan terjadi tabrakan. Selain itu asap itu merugikan kesehatan yaitu menyebabkan sakit mata, radang tenggorokan, radang paru-paru dan sakit kulit. Pencemaran udara lainnya berasal dari limbah berupa asap yang dihasilkan dari pembakaran bahan bakar kedaraan bermotor dan limbah asap dari industri.</span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.75pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">
<br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.75pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:100%;">Untuk dapat menanggulangi terjadinya pencemaran udara dapat dilakukan beberapa usaha antara lain: mengganti bahan bakar kendaraan bermotor dengan bahan bakar yang tidak menghasilkan gas karbon monoksida dan diusahakan pula agar pembakaran yang terjadi berlangsung secara sempurna, selain itu pengolahan/daur ulang atau penyaringan limbah asap industri, penghijauan untuk melangsungkan proses fotosintesis (taman bertindak sebagai paru-paru kota), dan tidak melakukan pembakaran hutan secara sembarangan, serta melakukan reboisasi/penanaman kembali pohonpohon pengganti yang penting adalah untuk membuka lahan tidak dilakukan pembakaran hutan, melainkan dengan cara mekanik.</span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.75pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">
<br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.75pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:100%;">emerintah telah menetapkan batas emisi yang dapat diterima bagi setiap kendaraan. Oleh karenanya para pemilik kendaraan harus merawat kendaraan secara berkala agar kadar gas buang kendaraan memenuhi batas yang diijinkan pemerintah. Atau menambah alat catalytic converter pada sistem pembakaran kendaraan sehingga akan menurunkan kadar CO dari gas buang sampai 90 % , jangan lupa manusia juga tetap harus memperhatikan dan mengatur sistem ventilasi dalam ruangan dengan baik, sehingga terhindar dari gangguan gas CO.</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <span style="font-family: times new roman;font-size:100%;" >
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<br />--vRitTaLucious--http://www.blogger.com/profile/13326065592364382611noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6975354826131808235.post-83003992524811763652009-09-09T05:31:00.003+07:002009-09-09T05:55:10.165+07:00Organisasi di Indonesia 1 (Perbedaan Gender)Organisasi merupakan perkumpulan yang terdiri dari lebih dari satu anggota, dimana di dalamnya memiliki<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;"> tujuan yang sama</span>.<br />Semua organisasi tentunya memiliki visi dan misi yang berbeda-beda. Namun hakikatnya, semua organisasi memiliki pembagian job disk sendiri-sendiri.<br /><br />Pembagian jobdisk merupakan kegiatan sederhana namun ini merupakan suatu titik awal organisasi tersebut untuk melangkah ke program kerjanya.<br />Seringkali ditemukan pembagian yang tidak merata atau tidak berjalan sesuai kesepakatan.<br /><br />Secara analogi, organisasi dikatakan sebagai tubuh dimana kepala merupakan ketua, sedangkan tangan-kaki-telingan-dsb merupakan anggota dari organisasi tersebut. Masing-masing anggota tubuh memiliki tugas sendiri-sendiri. Bisa dibayangkan, bila salah satu anggota tubuh yang tidak menjalankan tugasnya, maka tubuh tersebut akan sakit/tidak bisa berjalan dengan baik.<br /><br />Demikian pula dengan organisasi, bila salah satu anggotanya tidak dapat menjalankan tugas sesuai dengan porsinya, bisa dipastikan organisasi tersebut sakit sehingga secara tidak langsung akan terjadi pengerjaan tugas yang tidak seimbang.<br /><br />Indonesia merupakan negara dimana paham 'gender' dan 'sungkanisme' masih berjalan. Di dunia modern seperti ini ternyata perbedaan gender masih sangat kental. Beberapa kali saya mendapatkan beberapa perlakuan yang tidak mengenakkan pada pengalaman berorganisasi dari kaum laki-laki. memang, tidak semua laki-laki seperti itu. Tapi kejadian seperti ini tidak terhitung satu-dua kali saja.<br /><br />Entah itu memang sifat dasar lelaki yang sulit untuk melihat sesuatu dari kacamata objektifitas atau memang di Indonesia perbedaan gender masih dipandang penting. Dalam berorganisasi, gender sama sekali tidak menjadi bahan dari pertimbangan pembagian jobdisk. Bukan hal yang salah lagi, bila perempuan menjadi pemimpin ataupun lelaki menjadi anggota saja. Organisasi yang baik pastinya memiliki struktir organisasi yang jelas dimana pembagiannya berdasarkan kacamata profesionalitas.<br /><br />Memang, secara perlahan, perempuan di Indonesia (akhirnya) mendapatkan kedudukan yang tinggi. Tapi pada praktiknya, tidak jarang anggota lelaki yang tidka mau menjalankan jobdisknya janya karena ketuanya adalah seorang perempuan.<br /><br />Kata-kata penolakan dengan siratan bahwa perempuan masih tidak pantas 'mengatasi' sering terdengar.<br /><br />Sungguh miris melihat kenyataan seperti ini. Saya jadi merasa maklum, bila negara saya tercinta ini mengalami kemajuan yang lambat.<br /><br />Saya tahu, hawa memang tercipta dari tulang rusuk adam. Namun, hal ini tak ada hubungannya dengan organisasi. jadi janganlah sekali-kali kaum adam merasa 'gengsi' mendengarkan 'perintah' atasannya meskipun yang memegang jabatan tersebut adalah kaum hawa.--vRitTaLucious--http://www.blogger.com/profile/13326065592364382611noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6975354826131808235.post-21459259571709261322009-08-22T21:18:00.002+07:002009-08-22T21:23:22.297+07:00just itaku sulit mengerti apa yang ada di hatimu<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />karna aku masih blum bisa melupakan masa lalu.--vRitTaLucious--http://www.blogger.com/profile/13326065592364382611noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6975354826131808235.post-23145311175789784742009-08-22T21:04:00.004+07:002009-08-22T21:12:46.501+07:00Maafaku tak pernah bermaksud memojokkanmu<br />entah itu karena sifat tempramenku<br />atau aku memang masih blum bisa memaafkan masa lalumu<br /><br />yang aku tau<br />aku cuma tidak ingin disakiti lagi<br />tidak ingin dicemooh oleh teman wanitamu lagi<br />tidak ingin dianggap sebagai kekasih bodoh<br />yang hanya bisa dibohongi<br /><br />entah apa itu salah<br />tapi amarahku hanyalah wujud<br />sikap manjaku padamu<br />aku ingin kau perhatikan<br /><br />aku ingin kau mengerti apa isi hatiku<br /><br />hanya itu<br /><br />aku minta maaf--vRitTaLucious--http://www.blogger.com/profile/13326065592364382611noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6975354826131808235.post-64536881542730255212009-07-25T21:55:00.003+07:002009-07-25T22:03:06.537+07:00Aku tanpamuaku tanpamu<br />untuk kesekian kalinya<br /><br />padam lampu2 hatiku<br />seketika jatuh remuk tak berukir<br /><br />pecahan menusuk hati<br />mengisaratkan cerita<br />masa lalu yang tak berhati<br /><br />air mataku kering<br />tak mau lagi mengalir<br />hanya karena satu alasan<br />aku tanpamu<br /><br />hanya tatapan hampa<br />rasa gundah<br />teringat masaku<br />masaku tanpamu<br /><br />terperi dan tak terhingga<br />hanya kehadiranmu yang mampu<br />menghardik keresahan<br /><br />aku tanpamu<br />untuk kesekian kali<br /><br />seperti malam<br />tanpa temaram<br />tanpa bintang<br />tanpa angin<br />tanpa bulan<br /><br />hampa--vRitTaLucious--http://www.blogger.com/profile/13326065592364382611noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6975354826131808235.post-12546481879139977092009-06-24T05:26:00.005+07:002009-06-24T07:51:51.339+07:00What is GERAM?<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HQvyI5ZCyYc/SkFZheMTcbI/AAAAAAAAAMw/k6WP7I4EidE/s1600-h/megapro.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 115px; height: 115px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_HQvyI5ZCyYc/SkFZheMTcbI/AAAAAAAAAMw/k6WP7I4EidE/s200/megapro.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5350656263868084658" border="0" /></a><br />Aneh sekali!!! Pagi2 aku dapet sms aneh yang isinya begini :<br />Asslm dibutuhkan kader 2 orang cowok 2 cwe yang mau gabung di GERAM (Gerakan Ekonomi Kerakyatan Merah Putih) untuk dikirim ke Jakarta, bagi yang mau balas dengan menyertakan nama lengkap, jurusan, riwayat hidup.<br /><br />Sms-nya dari nomer yang ga dikenal.<br />aku balas, maaf ini siapa? ternyata gag ada balasan!!<br /><br />iseng-iseng aku buka google, seingertku yang ada embel-embel 'ekonomi kerakyatan' itu kan berhubungan sama caprescawapres kita Mega-Prabpwp (Mega Pro)!<br />dan ternyata...<br /><br />EMANG BENER!!!<br />GERAM itu buat dukung Mega Pro!<br />Berikut kutipan yang dapat aku ambil sebagai penjelas apakah GERAM itu???<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >DEKLARASI GERAM<br />Jumat 29 Mei 2009 tepat pukul 15.00 bertempat digedung joang 45 Menteng Jakarta pusat<br />dideklasikan organ pendukung/sayap dari partai Gerakan Indonesia Raya.<br />Jelas organisasi ini untuk mendukung Pasangan Megawati Soekarno Putri dan Prabowo su<br />bianto untuk menjadi Presiden dan Wakil Presiden priode 2004-2014.adapun pernyataan<br />sikap dari Geram antara lain : <br /><br />-Membangun kembali Indonesia Raya Berdasarkan Pancasila dan UUD45.<br />-Ekonomi Kerakyatan di berdayakan dan dilindungi berdasarkan Nasio<br />nalisme dan sumber daya sosial Bangsa.<br />-Gerakan Ekonomi Rakyat Merah Putih (GeramP) sebagai tulang pungg<br />ung Bangsa dan Negara,untuk mencapaiIndonesia Yang Berdaulat,Adil<br />dan Makmur.<br />-Amanat UUD45,salah satu adalah Memberantas Kemiskinan ,Kelaparan<br />dan kebodohan.<br />-Pendidikan sangat mutlak di perlukan untuk keluar dari kebodohan<br />kelaparan dan kemiskinan.<br />-Ramah lingkungan (Green Ekonomi)dengan memperbaiki dan merehabili<br />tasi sumber daya alam (SDA)yang rusak dan kritis.<br />-Otonomi Daerah harus lebih sempurna dan hukum nasioanl maupun inter<br />nasional untuk mempercepat ; Pembangunan kembali Indonesiaraya halu<br />an Baru menuju kemakmuran.<br />-Dengan Segala Kesungguhan dan Keteguhan Hati mendukung dan mensukse<br />skan pasangan MegawatisoekarnoPutri dan Prabowo Subianto sebagai pre<br />siden dan wakil presiden Republik Indonesia Priode 2009-2014.<br />dibagian lain Ketua Umum Geram Drs.Robert Waterman.L.SH,MM,mengatakan yang menjadi<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">anggota geram terlebih dahulu menjadi anggota Partai Gerakan Indonesia Raya (Gerindra</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">) dan Geram sudah terbentuk di 18 Propinsi di Dki saja anggota geram mencapai 100000 </span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">(seratusribu)anggota dan geram ini bukanlah anderbouw partai tetapi merupakan sayap dari Partai Gerakan Indonesia Raya (Gerindra) </span><br />ditulis Oleh : DODYMARAKARMAILIYAS,SH</span><br /><br /><br />kebingungan pun semakin bertambah. Baca tulisan dengan blok merah.<br />see, anggota GERAM harus udah mausk GERINDRA. dan aku???<br />aku belum pernah sama sekali gabung dengan partai. Secara, aku masih jadi mahasiswi yang bentar lagi semester3.<br /><br />aku cuma ikut dua organisasi. HMI (himpunan mahasiswa islam) sama HMK (himpunan mahasiswa kimia). dan dimana letak background organisasiku dengan GERINDRA???<br /><br />sejauh ini aku hanya ikut pengkaderan HMI dan LKMM dari kampusku.<br /><br />sampai sekarang orang yang sms aku pun tidak membalas.<br /><br />hhahahaha.. benar2 sms aneh!--vRitTaLucious--http://www.blogger.com/profile/13326065592364382611noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6975354826131808235.post-26632633088222655062009-06-23T06:01:00.004+07:002009-06-23T06:12:10.217+07:00CHOGGEIGHT asoyGeboyToTheSelecta<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HQvyI5ZCyYc/SkAN4l1ZPpI/AAAAAAAAAMg/MBfP7w-Vwj4/s1600-h/GG08a.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 138px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HQvyI5ZCyYc/SkAN4l1ZPpI/AAAAAAAAAMg/MBfP7w-Vwj4/s200/GG08a.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5350291623196049042" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:180%;" ><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"><span style="font-size:130%;">CHOGGEIGHT (Chemistry off GG '08)</span> </span></span>adalah sekumpulan bocah gila yang suka touring. Semua anggotanya merupakan mahasiswa (yang ngakunya) cantik, ganteng, baikhati, ramah, dan yang pastinya NARSIS! Hhahhaha.<br />CHOGGEIGHT berdiri sejak anggotanya 'terpaksa' masuk dan harus kuliah di jurusan KIMIA UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MALANG pada tahun 2008. CHOGGEIGHT adalah komunititas penggemar Touring sejati yang didirikan berlandaskan asas kebosanan dan kejenuhan kuliah di kampus (secara kuliah di kimia murni gitulooooooooooooooooooo).<br /><br />Sudah setahun ini CHOGGEIGHT tour keliling <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204); font-weight: bold;font-size:180%;" >MALANG.</span><br />dan kali ini ada tempat rekreasi kecil yang mau dikunjungi bersama..yaitu..tretetngteng.. <span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:180%;" ><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">SELECTA!!!!</span></span><br /><br />huahahha.. Selecta itu tempat rekreasi yang gag begitu besar (semenjak ada JatimPark sii. Hhehehhe). Tapi gapapalah. Doakan saja semoga CHOGGEIGHT selamat sampai tujuan dan pulang.<br /><br />--this article is very GJ----vRitTaLucious--http://www.blogger.com/profile/13326065592364382611noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6975354826131808235.post-2330957337021422442009-06-21T18:36:00.008+07:002010-03-28T06:03:44.700+07:00Gimana Cara Bikin Menu Navigatorku Aktif<span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:180%;" ><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">PLEASE HELP!!</span></span><br />Punya kelemahan gaptek soal kode html membuatku bingung setengah mati.<br />Awalnya begini, aku bau aja pasang template seperti apa yang aku pakek sekarang. Pda template udah ada menu navigasi HOME-ABOUT-dsb itu.. (bisa lihat kan??)<br /><br /><br />nah seperti biasa,, aku mau bikin menu navigasi itu langsung aktif,, maksudnya bisa nge-link ke sub bag yang dituju.<br /><br /><br />wealaaaah,, kok malah menu navigasinya ngga jalan...<br /><br />berikut kode html yang sekiranya ada di template ini<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;"><div id="navigation"><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;"><a style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=6975354826131808235&postID=233095733702142244#"><img alt="Home" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_XByc9SCisZM/Sctl1ExjsLI/AAAAAAAABwo/JyEUVngLNzs/s320/spacer.gif" width="91" height="35" /></a></span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;"><a style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=6975354826131808235&postID=233095733702142244#"><img alt="About" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_XByc9SCisZM/Sctl1ExjsLI/AAAAAAAABwo/JyEUVngLNzs/s320/spacer.gif" width="104" height="35" /></a></span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;"><a style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=6975354826131808235&postID=233095733702142244#"><img alt="Contact" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_XByc9SCisZM/Sctl1ExjsLI/AAAAAAAABwo/JyEUVngLNzs/s320/spacer.gif" width="90" height="35" /></a></span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;"><a style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=6975354826131808235&postID=233095733702142244#"><img alt="FAQ" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_XByc9SCisZM/Sctl1ExjsLI/AAAAAAAABwo/JyEUVngLNzs/s320/spacer.gif" width="100" height="35" /></a></span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;"></span></div></span></span><br /><br />seperti biasa,, tanda # udah aku ganti dengan alamat url yang mau diLink. <span style="font-weight: bold;">TAPI TETEP AJA GAG JADI LINK TUH MENU NAVIGASI..!!!!</span><br /><br />please help me!--vRitTaLucious--http://www.blogger.com/profile/13326065592364382611noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6975354826131808235.post-47939186546664216092009-06-14T18:28:00.000+07:002009-06-14T18:30:08.487+07:00Putri Titian vs Vidi AldianoIndustri musik tanah air kembali diramaikan dengan hadirnya penyanyi pendatang baru Vidi Aldiano. Dirinya disebut-sebut sebagai saingan dari penyanyi yang lebih dulu muncul yaitu Afgan Syach Reza. Meski Vidi mengaku tak mau bersaing dengan Afgan, opini yang berkembang sekarang dirinya mampu mengalahkan popularitas Afgan.<br /> <br />Ditengah kepopulerannya itu, Vidipun tak lekang dari incaran kamera wartawan yang menangkap kedekatannya dengan pesinetron Putri Titian. Beberapa waktu yang lalu memang Vidi terlihat jalan berdua dengan Putri Titian dalam sebuah acara, namun Vidi membantah jika kedekatan diantara mereka berdua diartikan sebagai pacar. Vidi mengaku jika dirinya dan Putri hanyalah sekedar berteman biasa saja.--vRitTaLucious--http://www.blogger.com/profile/13326065592364382611noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6975354826131808235.post-72242017988925313262009-06-14T18:26:00.000+07:002009-06-14T18:28:20.150+07:00Karl Landsteiner/Nobel Prize FoundationOn This Day In Science - June 14<br />Sunday June 14, 2009<br />Karl Landsteiner/Nobel Prize Foundation<br />June 14th is Karl Landsteiner's birthday. Landsteiner was an Austrian physician who developed the modern blood type classification system. He identified the agglutins on the surface of red blood cells and separated them by type. There are four basic blood types: A, B, AB, and O. Type A blood has an Anti-B antibody and Type A antigens. Type B blood has Anti-A antibodies and Type B antigens. Type AB blood has no antibodies and both Type A and B antigens. Type O blood contains both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies and no antigens.<br /><br />Landsteiner later refined the system with Alexander S. Wiener by introducing the Rh factor to each blood type. Rh factors come in two flavors, Positive or Negative. Positive means the Rh antigens are present in the blood and Negative means they are not present.<br /><br />Blood typing greatly increases the chances of success in transfusions and organ transplantation. Medical practitioners can now identify if a person can donate blood or receive blood based on their blood types and Rh factors. This important work earned Landsteiner the 1930 Nobel Prize in Medicine.<br /><br />Find out what else occurred on this day in science history.--vRitTaLucious--http://www.blogger.com/profile/13326065592364382611noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6975354826131808235.post-69509627142426922522009-06-13T21:46:00.004+07:002009-06-14T18:30:38.354+07:00Masa LaluApa arti Masa Lalu buatmu?<br />Yang ku tau, ketika kita berjalan menyusuri setiap liku kehidupan,<br />masa lalu akan menahanmu untuk melangkah ke depan.<br />Masa lalu membuat langkah hidupmu menjadi berat.<br />Karena tak jarang di antara kita, <br />selalu menoleh ke belakang dan melihat masa lalu tanpa berfikir apa yang harus dilakukan untuk masa depan.<br /><br />Masa Lalu cukup disiman dalam hati dan dijadikan sebagai pembelajaran untuk ke depannya.<br />Masa lalu cukup kita rasakan sebagai emosi sesaat saja.<br />Masa Lalu tidak cukup pantas membuat langkah hidup kita berat untuk ke depannya.<br />Tinggalkan saja semua masa Lalu itu,<br />Tinggalkan saja smeua penyesalan karena masa lalu.<br />Percayalah, langkah hidupmu akan lebih ringan dengan meninggalkan semua masa lalu itu.--vRitTaLucious--http://www.blogger.com/profile/13326065592364382611noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6975354826131808235.post-63571987763934190342009-06-13T21:41:00.001+07:002009-06-14T18:31:07.492+07:00Apa itu HIDUP ????Setiap kehidupan pasti membawa cerita sendiri-sendiri. Apa yang terlihat indah tak selamnya terasa indah. Begitu pula sebaliknya, apa yang terlihat buruk kadang bisa terasa indah, Hidup merupakan proses. Bermulai dari apa yang tak ada menjadi sesuatu yang luar biasa. Manusia sendiri yang memilih ceritanya masing-masing. Manusia yang menentukan apakah hidup itu menjadi indah ataupun buruk.<br />Terkadang harapan dan impian hanya menjadi mimpi yang tak dapat digapai. Tapi keinginan untuk terus mengharapkan perwujudan dari itu semua tak akan hilang dan berhenti. Itulah manusia. <br /> Ada kalanya hati tiba-tiba merenung, untuk apa kita hidup? Atau yang lebih ekstrim menjadi, kenapa hidupku seperti ini? Semua yang ada di depan mata memang sebiah misteri yang tak satu pun orang mengetahui. Tak ada daya dan kekuatan yang mampu menembus pertanyaan itu semua. Karena hidup adalah cerita yang ditulis oleh manusia itu sendiri.<br />Hidup seperti roda yang berputar. Tapi ada sebagian orang yang tak mau dikatakan seperti itu. Sejatinya hidup merupakan garis yang tak berujung. Semua berawal dari pilihan kita dan berakhir seperti pilihan kita.<br />Hidup seperti air. Mengalir dan akan terus mengalir tanpa akhir. Hidup tanpa rencan adan tujuan yang pasti seperti mencari sesutu tapi tak tau apa yang harus dicari.<br />Hidup itu takdir. Takdir tanpa adanya toleransi akan menjadi sebuah beban yang akan menjadikan hidup sebagai bencana. <br />Semua itu kembali pada diri masing-maisng. Karena manusia memang memiliki kemampuan yang terbatas. Kadang kala rencana yang telah tersusun matang menjadi buyar dan berantakan akibat kesalhan yang speele. Kadang kala ketidaksengajaan membawa sebuah peruntungan yang tersendiri.<br />Itulah hidup. Tak ada satupun manusia di dunia ini apa makn adari sejatinya hidup.<br />Menjalani dengan penuh kesabran, ketabahan, dan kepasrahan yang hakiki memberikan sebuah ketenangan abadi dalam hidup. Kepasrahan dalam menghadapi masalah sejatinya menjadi sebuah jalan terakhir ketika masalah melanda. Meskipun terasa amat lemah dan tak berdaya, sesungguhnya keikhlasan dan tawalah merupakan cara paling ampuh untuk mengusir perasaan galau akibat rintangan hidup.<br />Hidup memang tak selamanya indah. Namun tak ada satu pun buku ataupun media lain yang mampu menunjukkan pedoman kehidupan secara pasti. Hanya ada satu jawaban dari semua itu, hati. Hanya hati yang mampu menuntun hidup secara benar. Karena sejatinya hati tak mampu berbohong.<br />Hidup merupakan pilihan masing-masing individu. Namun hatilah yang menunut itu semua. Aku sendiri percaya bahwa hisupku akan berakhir dengan kebahagiaa.--vRitTaLucious--http://www.blogger.com/profile/13326065592364382611noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6975354826131808235.post-88508160341778926772009-06-13T21:38:00.002+07:002009-06-14T18:25:49.012+07:00KelabuKenapa aku begitu merasa sakit hati, pedih, hancur hnaya karena satu orang seperti dia.<br />Tak sedikitpunn dia merasa dan tak memberiku kesempatan untuk menanyakan kabarnya, padahal dia baru saja menghilang.<br />Aku sakit.<br />Hatiku sakit.<br />Aku seperti orang bodoh yang diperdaya oleh semuanya.<br />Semuanya hanya janji palsu belaka.<br />Tapi kenapa sejak awal aku begitu bodoh mau diperdaya olehnya?<br /><br />Dia bukan segala-galanya,<br />Dia juga bukan lelaki satu-satunya di dunia ini.<br />Tapi kenapa dia yang aku pilih?<br />Kenapa dia menyia-nyiakan perasaanku?<br /><br />Apa ada yang salah padaku?<br />Aku terus bertanya dalam hati.<br />Bukan kali pertama aku merasa tak berdaya seperti ini,<br />Aku ingin pergi dari sini.<br />Aku ingin menjauh dari semuanya.<br /><br />Tapi aku tak bisa.<br /><br />Ada perasaan kuat yang menahanku untuk tetap diam menunggunya.<br />Padahal aku tahu dia tak akan datang.<br />Ya, dia tak akan datang.<br /><br />Semua harapan, semua impian, semua mimpi menjadi kenangan.<br />Entah itu kenangan indah atau kenangan buruk yang harus dilupakan.<br />Tapi yang pasti, aku sangat menyayanginya.<br /><br />Segala egoku, segala keinginanku semua lebur dalam mimpi yang semakin hari semakin membuatku menghapakan dia datang.<br /><br />Dia masih memanggilku ’syank’<br /><br /><br />Tapi tak satu pun dia memberiku kesempatan untuk berbicara padanya.<br /><br />Aku menangis lagi.<br /><br />Tak tahu harus berapa lama lagi aku merasakan kepedihan ini sendiri.<br /><br />Aku benar-benar merasa tak berharga lagi.<br /><br /><br />Aku seperti awan yang gelisah mencari tempat untuk bernaung.<br />Aku seperti hujan yang tak tahu kapan harus berhenti berintik.<br />Aku sperti air yang tak akan berhenti mengalir.<br />Aku seperti hati yang terluka dan terus terluka.<br /><br />Menunggu bukanlah hal yang menyenangkan.<br />Kesedihan, kepedihan, kekecewaan yang semakin lama semakin terasa.<br /><br />Tak lagi merasakan detak jantung<br />Tak lagi merasakan hembusan nafas<br />Tak lagi merasakan aliran darah<br />Tak lagi merasakan hidup<br /><br />Aku seperti mayat hidup yang berusaha mencari darah segar untuk kembali hidup ssungguhnya<br />Aku seperti mesin tua yang menunggu petugas untuk menghidupkan lagi<br />Aku seperti anak kecil yang merengek minta balon<br />Aku seperti wanita malang yang menunggu kepastian<br /><br />Andai saja aku bisa mengatur semua daya yang ada di bumi ini,<br />Aku hanya ingin kan satu.<br />Bertemu dengannya dan mengatakan bahwa aku tak bisa hidup tanpanya.<br /><br /><br />Malang berawan, 26 januari 2009.--vRitTaLucious--http://www.blogger.com/profile/13326065592364382611noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6975354826131808235.post-3163563458935060212009-06-13T21:15:00.002+07:002009-06-14T18:26:16.124+07:00KumerinduAku merindukan saat-saat di mana aku belum mengenal dirimu<br />Saat dimana aku tak harus menangisi kesepianku<br />Saat dimana aku tak harus menunggumu datang kepadaku<br />Saat dimana aku tak harus terluka karena sikapmu<br /><br />Aku merindukan saat-saat dimana aku tanpamu<br />Saat dimana aku bebas melakukan apa yang aku mau<br />Saat dimana aku dapat merasakan siapa diriku sebenarnya<br />Saat dimana aku bisa berdiri tanpamu di sisiku<br /><br />Aku merindukan saat-saat dimana cinta belum ada di hatiku<br />Saat dimana teman adalah pelarian terakhirku dari kebisingan kehidupan<br />Saat dimana kepolosan remaja yang tertawa lepas di sekolah<br />Saat dimana orangtua adalah teman berbagi dalam setiap masalah<br /><br />Aku merindukan saat-saat aku bahagia menjadi diriku sendiri<br />Tanpa harus mencintaimu<br />Tanpa harus memikirkan dirimu<br />Tanpa harus menangis karenamu<br /><br /><br />Malang yang sepi, 280109--vRitTaLucious--http://www.blogger.com/profile/13326065592364382611noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6975354826131808235.post-59849871933029276722009-06-12T19:51:00.001+07:002009-06-12T19:54:32.619+07:00Posting PertamaHalo oLL^^<br />ini postingan pertamaku. salam kenal. jangan lupa ctrl + d. hhhhehehe.<br />luph u, muach--vRitTaLucious--http://www.blogger.com/profile/13326065592364382611noreply@blogger.com0